Introduction

Albinism is a rare genetic condition that affects the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for giving color to our skin, hair, and eyes. Individuals with albinism have little or no melanin, which results in characteristic features such as very pale skin, white or light blonde hair, and light-colored eyes. While albinism is not a life-threatening condition, it can pose certain health challenges, particularly related to vision and sun sensitivity.

There are different types of albinism, each with varying degrees of melanin deficiency and associated symptoms. This condition is inherited, meaning it is passed down from parents to their children through genes. Understanding the types, symptoms, and causes of albinism is crucial for early diagnosis, appropriate management, and support for individuals and families affected by this condition.

Types of Albinism

Albinism is broadly classified into two main types:

• Oculocutaneous Albinism (OCA): This type affects the skin, hair, and eyes. There are several subtypes of OCA, with OCA1 and OCA2 being the most common.
• Ocular Albinism: This type primarily affects the eyes, while skin and hair color may be close to normal.

Symptoms of Albinism

The most noticeable symptoms of albinism include:

• Very pale skin: Individuals with albinism may have skin that is extremely sensitive to sunlight and prone to sunburn.
• White or light blonde hair: Hair color can range from white to light blonde, depending on the type of albinism.
• Light-colored eyes: Eye color can vary from light blue to brown, and in some cases, may appear reddish or purplish due to light reflecting off blood vessels in the retina.
• Vision problems: Albinism affects the development of the optic nerves, leading to various vision problems such as nystagmus (involuntary eye movements), strabismus (crossed eyes), and photophobia (sensitivity to light).

Causes of Albinism

Albinism is caused by genetic mutations that affect the production of melanin. These mutations are inherited from parents who carry the affected genes. In most cases, both parents must carry the gene for a child to inherit albinism.