Introduction

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic condition that occurs when stomach acid flows back up into the esophagus, the tube connecting your mouth and stomach. This backflow of acid, also known as acid reflux or heartburn, can irritate the lining of the esophagus, leading to a range of uncomfortable symptoms and potential long-term complications.

While occasional acid reflux is common, experiencing it more than twice a week could signal GERD. This digestive disorder affects people of all ages, and its prevalence is rising globally. Recognizing the symptoms of GERD is crucial for seeking timely medical attention, managing the condition, and improving quality of life.

Symptoms of GERD

GERD manifests itself through various symptoms, some of which can be quite distressing. Common signs include:

• Heartburn: This burning sensation in the chest is a hallmark symptom, often worsening after eating or when lying down.
• Regurgitation: The backflow of food or sour liquid into the mouth, leaving an unpleasant taste.
• Dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing, feeling like food is getting stuck in the throat or chest.
• Chest pain: Pain in the chest, sometimes mimicking heart attack symptoms.
• Chronic cough: Persistent coughing, especially at night, can be a symptom of GERD.
• Laryngitis: Hoarseness or a change in voice due to acid irritation of the vocal cords.

Causes of GERD

GERD develops due to a dysfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), the muscle that acts as a valve between the esophagus and stomach. Several factors can contribute to a weakened LES or increased stomach acid production, leading to GERD:

• Hiatal hernia: A condition where part of the stomach pushes upward through the diaphragm, weakening the LES.
• Obesity: Excess weight puts pressure on the abdomen, increasing the risk of acid reflux.
• Smoking: Nicotine relaxes the LES, allowing acid to flow back into the esophagus.
• Pregnancy: Hormonal changes and pressure from the growing uterus can trigger GERD.
• Certain foods and drinks: Fatty foods, spicy foods, citrus fruits, caffeine, alcohol, and carbonated beverages can aggravate GERD.
• Medications: Some medications, like painkillers and muscle relaxants, can weaken the LES.

Treatment for GERD

The goal of GERD treatment is to reduce symptoms, prevent complications, and heal the esophageal lining. Treatment options include:

• Lifestyle modifications: Losing weight, quitting smoking, avoiding trigger foods, and elevating the head of the bed can help manage symptoms.
• Medications:
  • Antacids: Neutralize stomach acid to provide quick relief from heartburn.
  • H2 blockers: Reduce stomach acid production.
  • Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): Block acid production more effectively and promote healing of the esophagus.
• Surgery: In severe cases or when medications are ineffective, surgical procedures can strengthen the LES or repair a hiatal hernia.